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CHICAGO — The ancient manuscript rested on the shelves of the Newberry Library for more than a century. Little was known about the bound book from colonial Mexico that had been donated to the library in 1911 by Edward Ayer, a collector and a tycoon who made his fortune supplying ties to railroad companies. It was called “Ayer 1485′′ in the library’s catalog. But then, two years ago, pages of the manuscript were projected onto the big screen at a Nahuatl conference at Harvard University where experts of the Aztec language had gathered, their first conference since the pandemic. It was like a family reunion, one attendee remembered. At the podium was Ben Leeming, an independent scholar who studies Nahuatl writings used to evangelize Native peoples. While Leeming showed images of the manuscript — a collection of sermons by famed Franciscan missionary Bernardino de Sahagún — and discussed the significance of the words on its pages, Barbara Mundy became slightly preoccupied with the pages themselves. “Of course I’m interested in the text, but what really, really drew my attention was the slides of different pages from this manuscript,” said Mundy, a Tulane University art history professor. “And I said, ‘Ben, could we zoom in on that paper?’ Because the manuscript, which was a big manuscript, was clearly done on a paper that was not European.” Prompted by Mundy’s hunch, the Library of Congress analyzed the papers this fall and made an astounding discovery. The manuscript was printed on maguey paper, a type made from pounded agave plants that is so rare that only 10 sheets were known to exist: four at the Library of Congress and six at the National Library of Anthropology and History in Mexico City. The Newberry’s Library’s manuscript is about 49 sheets long. “When the results did come back, it was very exciting,” said Kim Nichols, the library’s director of conservation. “It’s always exciting ... to see for whatever reason, that something ancient survives. There’s so many reasons why it’s lost.” According to the library’s records, Ayer acquired the manuscript in 1886 from a London rare book dealer. Its first known owner was a Mexican collector and bibliophile, and at least two people owned the manuscript between the Mexican collector and the London dealer, records show. The manuscript, titled “A Sequence of Sermons for Sundays and Saints’ Days” and written by Sahagún between 1540 and 1563, was among the roughly 17,000 items related to Native peoples that Ayer, a Newberry trustee, donated to the library. Theories about its pages being made of maguey have existed since at least 2000, when a library staffer speculated it was such in a conservation report from November of that year. In a 2017 report, a staffer placed a question mark in parentheses next to a guess that it was maguey. At first, Mundy believed the manuscript was made of another type of Native paper, amatl paper. Leeming told her he thought the paper was amatl, she said. But he wasn’t sure. He hadn’t seen much Native paper. Few conference attendees had. Only four amatl and no maguey manuscripts that are definitively pre-Hispanic have survived, according to Mundy. The surviving amatl manuscripts are from the Maya region, which is in the eastern half of Mesoamerica. Most manuscripts from the earliest moments of contact between Europe and the Americas — known as colonial-era manuscripts — are made out of European paper. The Florentine Codex — an encyclopedia of Aztec history and belief written by Sahagún, the main source of what is known about the Aztecs — was written on 2,400 pages of paper imported to Mexico from Italy. All surviving maguey manuscripts, including Sahagún’s sermons, are colonial-era manuscripts. Sometime after the arrival of Europeans, maguey papermaking stopped and the technology went extinct, according to an International Council of Museums publication. Amatl paper, which is made from the inner bark of fig trees, was more common than maguey paper, which is made from the same plant as tequila. Amatl paper is still being produced today. There are hundreds of surviving colonial-era amatl manuscripts, but most are a single sheet long. In a Newberry article from 2022, when Mundy thought Sahagún’s sermons were written on amatl, she wrote that 49 sheets, or “196 pages is a lot of amatl paper, perhaps the largest collation of amatl paper to exist today.” After the Nahuatl conference, Mundy returned to Washington, D.C., where she had a fellowship at the Library of Congress. She told Mary Elizabeth Haude, a Library of Congress paper conservator, about what she saw during the conference. During the summer of 2022, the pair visited the Newberry to see Sahagún’s sermons. Haude said that during the visit, she didn’t think the manuscript was made of amatl because of her familiarity with the Huexotzinco Codex — the Library of Congress’ maguey manuscript, which is made of four sheets of maguey and four sheets of amatl. “I have also been to Mexico and looked at their manuscripts on maguey,” Haude said. “As a conservator, I really have an eye for materials. But that being said, I couldn’t definitively say it was one paper or another until we did fiber analysis.” Nichols began working at the library in late 2022, and a bit of time passed before she was up to speed on the inquiry into Sahagún’s sermons. This fall, Nichols got out Sahagún’s sermons and put drops of deionized water on the manuscript in several spots to make the fibers there more malleable. While using a microscope, she extracted some of those fibers with tweezers. “Under the microscope it looks like a chunk, but when you drop it into a little plastic vial with a snap lid, it looked like it just disappeared into the void,” Nichols said. She sent several vials to the Library of Congress and Haude, who removed the fibers from the vials, mounted them on microscope slides and peered at the slides. “Maguey tends to have this stray fiber — spiral thickenings, I think, is what they’re called. And when they become undone, they make this zigzag pattern, and it’s very, very specific,” Haude said. “So we saw that right away.” ‘It wasn’t just that the paper was rare’ Maguey — a Spanish word for agave plants — has been used to make everyday items like baskets in Mesoamerica since prehistoric times, according to the International Council of Museums publication. It has been used in rituals, and Aztec religion included a goddess of maguey. The four Library of Congress maguey sheets and five of the six maguey sheets in Mexico City are pictorial, meaning they’re drawings, according to Haude. Some of the Mexico City sheets are genealogies, while the Library of Congress sheets served as testimony in a legal case. In the Harvard classroom, Mundy was transfixed by Sahagún’s sermons because of the important role of paper in rituals of Native Mesoamerican peoples, she said. It was used to absorb blood and then burnt in honor of the gods. It was used to make deity costumes. Mundy was “astounded” that paper that was “religiously charged” in the eyes of Native people was dragged into the new Christian world, she said. “It was a Christian manuscript on Native paper, which carried all of this pre-Hispanic religious significance,” Mundy said. “That’s what really caught my attention. It wasn’t just that the paper was rare.” Sahagún arrived in Mexico in 1529, about a decade after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire led by conquistador Hernán Cortés. Sahagún believed that better understanding of Native peoples’ “beliefs and practices would improve efforts to convert them to Christianity,” according to the Library of Congress. In the Newberry article, Mundy wrote that while Sahagún worked with Native peoples, he was surrounded by Nahuatl-speaking intellectuals who embraced Christianity, taught Sahagún Nahautl and helped translate Christianity for Native audiences. Because every other surviving Sahagún manuscript was made of European paper, it’s likely that using maguey paper for the sermons was a choice of Sahagún’s Native collaborators, Leeming said. “The paper may have not been Sahagún’s election, but that of his Native collaborators, who saw fit to set Christian sermons down on the substrate that they regarded most highly,” Mundy wrote in the Newberry article. Leeming, who recently produced an English translation of the sermons, said the recent revelation about the manuscript can help correct a lopsided narrative concerning the earliest moments of contact between Europe and the Americas. “This discovery helps balance a historical narrative that has long focused on the role of Spanish friars like Sahagún,” Leeming wrote in an email to the Tribune, “and has relegated the Native people who assisted him to the shadows.” "Illinois needs to quickly and dramatically ramp up our efforts to approve and build new housing, and to give more affordable options to working families," Gov. JB Pritzker said during a news conference to announce new housing initiatives on Wednesday, Dec. 11, 2024. Be the first to know Get local news delivered to your inbox!
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Since winning the election, President-elect Donald Trump has been talking about immigration, border security and government efficiency . But in California farm country, his comments about water are also getting top attention. The Golden State grows three-quarters of the country’s fruits and nuts and more than a third of its vegetables, largely thanks to a complex network of dams and canals that funnel water to the state’s fertile Central Valley. In recent years, farmers have faced more limits on how much water they can access from this network because of environmental concerns, as well as on how much groundwater they can pump after years of overuse and drought. Now, farmers are hoping the second Trump administration will ensure more stable water flows to their fields from the federally managed Central Valley Project and a plan for future water supplies. Trump recently posted on his Truth Social platform a criticism of the “rerouting of MILLIONS OF GALLONS OF WATER A DAY FROM THE NORTH OUT INTO THE PACIFIC OCEAN, rather than using it, free of charge, for the towns, cities, & farms dotted all throughout California.” “It is the number one issue,” said Jason Phillips, chief executive of the Friant Water Authority, which represents more than a dozen irrigation districts serving a large swath of the crop-rich valley. “You only need labor and you only need the products and the equipment and everything else to grow food if you have water.” California relies on water supplies from the Central Valley Project and the state-run State Water Project. The federal project provides 5 million acre-feet of water to farms each year and 600,000 acre-feet to cities, as well as water to maintain water quality in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, which provides critical habitat to fish and wildlife. During the prior Trump administration, government officials issued rules to allow for a greater flow of water to California farms. The move was blasted by environmental groups. The Biden administration pushed back on those decisions and has been working on new rules aimed at balancing farming with protections for endangered wildlife, such as the Delta smelt, a tiny fish that is an indicator of the health of California’s waterways , and Chinook salmon. In recent years, California farmers said federal water allocations have been more limited than they feel is necessary after two years of ample rain boosted the state’s reservoirs. The state previously grappled with a yearslong drought that in 2022 saw the driest January-to-March period in at least a century, with scientists saying weather whiplash will likely become more common as the planet warms. That is a big concern of environmentalists and commercial fishermen, who want to see less water diverted to agriculture and more flowing to the Delta. Salmon fishing has been banned off the California coast for the past two years because of dwindling stocks, and critics say Trump’s prior decisions moving water away from salmon-spawning areas are to blame. “They delivered all the cold water behind Shasta Dam. It literally cooked the baby salmon before they were hatched,” said Barry Nelson, policy advisor to the Golden State Salmon Association, a nonprofit focused on restoring California salmon. “ Math is a brutal master , and we’ve hit physical limits on the amount of water we can take from the Bay Delta, and the sign of that is the collapse of the ecosystem.” Democratic California Gov. Gavin Newsom, a long-time Trump critic, recently called on California lawmakers to gear up ahead of another Trump presidency to safeguard the state’s progressive policies . We have launched our year-end campaign. Our goal: Raise $50,000 by Dec. 31. Help us get there. Times of San Diego is devoted to producing timely, comprehensive news about San Diego County. Your donation helps keep our work free-to-read, funds reporters who cover local issues and allows us to write stories that hold public officials accountable. Join the growing list of donors investing in our community's long-term future. Environmental advocates, however, contend Newsom has not done enough to improve the situation in the Delta for fish and wildlife. During Trump’s prior administration, Newsom opposed his rules for water flows, filing a legal challenge , but since then, put forth his own rules, which Jon Rosenfield, San Francisco Baykeeper’s science director, said “were never that much different.” Competing demands on California’s water have led to numerous battles over who gets how much. Advocates for fishermen, environmental interests and farmers all say more must be done to shore up future water supplies. But what that looks like depends on who is asked, with proposed solutions spanning from more conservation to expanding water storage to technological upgrades. Aubrey Bettencourt, who oversaw Department of Interior water policy during the prior Trump administration, said she would like to see the system updated to respond to swings in climate rather than setting water releases based on the calendar. One of the issues, she said, is not how much water you get but knowing how much water you will get. “It makes it very hard to plan, not just as a farmer, but as a city manager,” she said. “I would expect an emphasis on restoring operational certainty.” The incoming Trump administration has discussed a series of economic policies that could also affect agriculture, including tariffs that could wind up affecting some exports and push up input costs for growers, according to a recent Rabobank report. But when it comes to water, many farmers in California are hopeful. Daniel Errotabere, a third-generation farmer and previous Westlands Water District president whose family grows tomatoes, garlic and almonds, is among them. As California ramps up limits on groundwater pumping, it is even more important to ensure a stable flow of surface water to grow the food the country is counting on, he said. Farmers have had to fallow fields and often don’t plant as much as they could because of water uncertainty, he said. “If electricity was delivered this way, there’d be a revolt,” Errotabere said. “This is not any way to operate resources.” Get Our Free Daily Email Newsletter Get the latest local and California news from Times of San Diego delivered to your inbox at 8 a.m. daily. Sign up for our free email newsletter and be fully informed of the most important developments.Dickey's Barbecue Pit in Chillicothe, OH, Serves Up Smoky Flavors and Swinging Fun with New Golf Simulator
UNIVERSAL ROBINA Corp. (URC) shares dropped last week as challenges outweighed the opening of a new flour mill in Quezon. URC was the seventh most actively traded stock last week with 14.26 million shares worth P1.11 billion changing hands from Dec. 2-6, data from the Philippine Stock Exchange showed. Shares of the Gokongwei-led food and beverage company closed at P76.15 apiece, 3.6% lower than the P78.95 close on Nov. 29. For the year, the stock’s price fell 35.6% from a P118.2 close on the last trading day of 2023. Analysts attributed the weaker week-on-week close to the lingering effects of its earnings report released on Nov. 12 and higher inflation in November. “In our view, the recent decline in the stock price [last] week appears to be a continuation of the negative sentiment following last month’s dismal earnings. This spillover effect suggests that investors’ confidence remains fragile as concerns over its near-term prospects persist,” Jemimah Ryla R. Alfonso, equity analyst at Unicapital Securities, Inc., said in an e-mail. For the third quarter, URC posted a net attributable income of P1.42 billion, falling 53.7% from P3.07 billion in the same period last year. The company’s revenues likewise dropped 1.81% to P38.14 billion in the third quarter. “It is hard to say how long the negative effects from its earnings report will last,” Mercantile Securities Corp. Head Trader Jeff Radley C. See said in a Viber message. “The latest inflation data may have also added to the decline in investors’ sentiment [last] week,” Ms. Alfonso added. Inflation quickened to 2.5% in November, as typhoons increased prices, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) said on Dec. 5. Meanwhile, the Department of Agriculture (DA) said on Dec. 1 that the opening of URC’s flour milling factory in Quezon province is seen to improve production. Spanning 10 hectares, the plant is expected to increase URC’s flour capacity to 3,500 metric tons per day. The DA said that the plant is expected to “play a key role in ensuring a stable and affordable supply of products.” “While the recent capacity expansion may be viewed as a positive news for the firm, it appears that it did not provide enough padding for the continued gloomy outlook for URC [last] week. Investors remain focused on the broader challenges that the company is facing including the negative price mix, struggling feed volumes, and the drop in sugar profits,” Ms. Alfonso said. “Our consolidated net income forecast for URC stands at P2.4B, with an expected topline growth of 6% to P168.4B,” she added. Mr. See saw resistance at P88 and support at P70. Ms. Alfonso pegged her support between P73-75.8 and resistance between P80.25-86.25. “Chart-wise, URC remains in a bearish trend. A shift in bias would require the stock to recover and sustain levels above P86 in the short term,” Ms. Alfonso concluded. — Karis Kasarinlan Paolo D. Mendoza
COLEEN Rooney burst into tears during an emotional reunion with her two youngest sons in the I’m A Celebrity jungle camp last night. She was stunned to see eight-year-old Kit and Cass, six , appear with her mum Colette McLoughlin . Advertisement 6 Coleen Rooney had an emotional reunion with her youngest sons Kit and Kass in the jungle Credit: Rex 6 Coleen was shocked at seeing her two sons enter the jungle Credit: Rex They were sneaked in by producers for a special friends and families reunion episode after spending nearly four weeks apart. Wag Coleen, 38, became a blubbering wreck when she left the Bush Telegraph and saw Colette, 62, sitting on the Leaders’ Lodge throne. She ran and hugged her, then said: “I don’t want you to leave me now.” As Coleen prepared to chat to her mum, Kit and Cass shouted: “Boo!” — making their mum hysterical. Advertisement read more on i'm a celeb GAGGING WAG Watch I'm A Celeb's Coleen almost VOMIT as she drinks crocodile anus jungle return Tulisa to make final I'm A Celeb appearance after quitting Australia Cheeky Kit said “She stinks” as he embraced his mother — and told her he won a football match. Kit got emotional and nodded after Coleen asked if he had scored. In tears, she told him: “I’m crying because I’m happy. "I’ve missed you so much!” Advertisement Most read in I’m A Celebrity 2024 GAGGING WAG Watch I'm A Celeb's Coleen almost VOMIT as she drinks crocodile anus Exclusive PRICE-LESS We had I’m A Celeb’s only REAL romance...I'm sad we don’t speak, says Katie Price Exclusive roo-union Coleen Rooney set for emotional I'm A Celeb reunion with youngest sons TONIGHT loved up I'm A Celeb's Maura Higgins confirms Pete Wicks romance After giving them a tour of the camp — as Cass sported her jungle hat — they said their goodbyes, with Coleen telling them the countdown to Christmas will kick off soon. She left their £20million Cheshire home to fly to Australia on November 11. I’m A Celebrity’s multi-millionaire Coleen Rooney shocks fans as she reveals surprise place she does her shopping After landing the next day, she had her belongings confiscated — including her phone — and has not spoken to loved ones since. The Sun on Sunday revealed last month Coleen would be surprised by her two lads and Colette , once there were around five or six celebs left in camp. Advertisement Last week, Coleen — also mum to Kai, 15 , and Klay, 11 — admitted she had suffered a “wobble” while thinking about her children. She has been wearing a necklace with her four boys’ names on, which she touches as a sign to let them know she is thinking of them. One of the younger lads had been “really quiet and subdued” back home without mum around, but both were delighted to see her again. Their ex-England star dad Wayne, 39, was with them back home last month, but is currently living 270 miles away in Devon, where he is the boss of Plymouth Argyle . Advertisement He is not able to fly to Oz with his family because of a hectic fixture schedule, with crucial matches coming up as his team bids to stave off relegation from the Championship. The other celebs, meanwhile, also got the chance to see their loved ones again. 6 Coleen rushed to hug her children and mum Colette McLoughlin Credit: Rex 6 Coleen with Colette, Kit, and Cass in the Bush Telegraph Credit: Rex Advertisement McFly singer Danny Jones embraced wife Georgia and their six-year-old son Cooper, while Dancing on Ice judge Oti Mabuse had a reunion with husband Marius Iepure . The friends and families special featured on the show in 2023 for the first time in five years. In 2018, ex-footie manager and SunSport columnist Harry Redknapp broke down in tears when he got to see his wife Sandra. Last night’s reunion was made even sweeter for Coleen after she did a grim Dreaded Dreggs drinking challenge in a Bushtucker Trial with the Rev Richard Coles. Advertisement At one point, she looked like she was about to throw up . On the menu were blended pig’s testicles and six cups of blended cockroaches. Read more on the Scottish Sun DARR-ARGH! Weather maps reveal exact date Storm Darragh to hit Scots with rain, wind & SNOW 'SICK BEYOND BELIEF' Cops probe footage 'showing Scots woman having sex with XL Bully dog' The pair won the maximum six stars for a camp meal, plus a bonus star. 6 Coleen told their boys the countdown to Christmas will kick off soon Credit: Rex Advertisement 6 Husband Wayne wasn't there in the jungle Credit: Rex I'm A Celebrity 2024 i'm A Celebrity is back for its 24th series, with a batch of famous faces living in the Aussie jungle. The Sun's Jake Penkethman takes a look at the stars on the show this year.. Coleen Rooney - Arguably the most famous name in the camp, the leading WAG, known for her marriage to Wayne Rooney , has made a grand return to TV as she looks to put the Wagatha Christie scandal behind her. The Sun revealed the mum-of-four had bagged an eye-watering deal worth over £1.5million to be on the show this year making her the highest-paid contestant ever. Tulisa - The popstar and former X Factor judge has made her triumphant TV comeback by signing up to this year's I'm A Celeb after shunning TV shows for many years. Known for being a member of the trio, N-Dubz, Tulisa became a household name back in 2011 when she signed on to replace Cheryl on ITV show The X Factor in a multi-million pound deal. Alan Halsall - The actor, known for playing the long-running role of Tyrone Dobbs on ITV soap opera Coronation Street, was originally signed up to head Down Under last year but an operation threw his scheduled appearance off-course. Now he has become the latest Corrie star to win over both the viewers and his fellow celebrities. Melvin Odoom - The Radio DJ has become a regular face on TV screens after rising to fame with presenting roles on Kiss FM, BBC Radio 1 and 4Music. Melvin has already been for a spin on the Strictly dancefloor and co-hosted The Xtra Factor with Rochelle Humes in 2015 but now he is facing up to his biggest challenge yet - the Aussie jungle . GK Barry - The UK's biggest social media personality, GK, whose real name is Grace Keeling, has transformed her TikTok stardom into a lucrative career. Aside from her popular social media channels, she hosts the weekly podcast, Saving Grace, and regularly appears on ITV talk show, Loose Women. She has even gone on to endorse popular brands such as PrettyLittleThing, KFC and Ann Summers. Dean McCullough - A rising star amongst this year's bunch of celebs , Dean first achieved notability through his radio appearances on Gaydio and BBC Radio 1. He was chosen to join the BBC station permanently in 2021 and has featured prominently ever since. He has enjoyed a crossover to ITV over the past year thanks to his guest slots on Big Brother spin-off show, Late & Live. Oti Mabuse - The pro dancer has signed up to her latest TV show after making her way through the biggest programmes on the box. She originally found fame on Strictly Come Dancing but has since branched out into the world of TV judging with appearances on former BBC show The Greatest Dancer as well as her current role on ITV's Dancing On Ice . Danny Jones - The McFly star was drafted into the programme last minute as a replacement for Tommy Fury. Danny is the second member of McFly to enter the jungle , after Dougie Poynter won the show in 2011. He is also considered a rising star on ITV as he's now one of the mentors on their Saturday night talent show, The Voice , along with bandmate Tom Fletcher. Jane Moore - The Loose Women star and The Sun columnist is braving the creepy crawlies this year. The star is ready for a new challenge - having recently split from her husband . It will be Jane's first foray into reality TV with the telly favourite having always said no to reality shows in the past. Barry McGuigan - Former pro boxer Barry is the latest fighting champ to head Down Under following in the footsteps of Tony Bellew and Amir Khan. It comes after a tough few years for Irish star Barry, who lost his daughter Danika to bowel cancer . He told The Late Late Show in 2021: "She was such an intrinsic part of the family that every day we ache." Maura Higgins - The Irish TV beauty first found fame on Love Island where she found a brief connection with dancer Curtis Pritchard . Since then, she has competed on Dancing On Ice as well as hosting the Irish version of the beauty contest, Glow Up. Since last year, she has been working on building up her career in the US by being the social media correspondent and host of Aftersun to accompany Love Island USA. She even guest hosted an episode of the spin-off, Love Island Games, in place of Maya Jama last year. Rev. Richard Coles - Former BBC radio host the Rev Richard Coles is a late arrival on I’m A Celebrity , and he's ready to spill the beans on his former employer. The former Communards and Strictly star , said the BBC did not know its a**e from its elbow last year. An insider said: "Rev Coles will have a variety of tales to tell from his wild days as a pop star in the Eighties, through to performing on Strictly and his later life as a man of the cloth."
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